Calculating FRAND-compliant royalties: Case law and the Indian market

Mobile connectivity has transformed India’s relationship with the internet, its use rising from roughly 7% in 2010 to 70% in 2025, driven largely by 4G and 5G adoption post-2018. Today 4G reaches around 98.5% of the population, while 5G serves over 400 million users. This has fuelled India’s digital economy, now nearly 13% of GDP, projected to reach 20% by 2030.

These remarkable achievements rest on two principles. First, innovators are encouraged to contribute their most advanced technologies to global standards. Second, every implementer can access these technologies in exchange for reasonable royalties.